Temperature Risks

Effective HVAC systems and temperature management are essential for Lithium-ion batteries. Charging temperature limits for Li-ion are stricter than operating limits, and charging should be performed between 5 to 45 °C (41 to 113 °F). Charging at temperatures above this range degrades battery performance.

Thermal runaway is a critical safety concern for Lithium-ion batteries. It occurs when the heat generated inside the battery exceeds the heat that is dissipated, leading to an uncontrollable increase in temperature. This can result in battery failure and potential hazards. Causes of thermal runaway include internal short circuits, overcharging, physical damage and high current discharge.

The elevated temperatures resulting from thermal discharge can trigger the decomposition of battery components, release of flammable gases, and potentially fire and explosion.

Extremely low temperatures carry risks also. It is important not to charge Lithium-ion batteries at temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) because electrochemical reactions are slower. Increased internal resistance can cause higher heat generation during charging and discharging. Low-temperature charging also increases the risk of lithium plating on the anode during charging, which can lead to short circuits and thermal runaway.